Bird Disease Research Studies
Tuesday, April 2, 2002
filed under: Birds
Bird Disease Research Studies
Cent Eur J Public Health 1995 Feb;3(1):21-4
Salmonellae in gulls and other free-living birds in the Czech Republic.
Hubalek Z, Sixl W, Mikulaskova M, Sixl-Voigt B, Thiel W, Halouzka J, Juricova Z, Rosicky B, Matlova L, Honza M, et al
Institute of Landscape Ecology, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
Cloacal swabs, collected from 756 wild synanthropic and exoanthropic birds of 57 species in the Czech Republic, yielded 32 strains of Salmonella typhimurium [phage types (PT) 141, 104 and 41], six isolates of S. enteritidis (PT 8, 4 and 6e), and one each of S. panama and S. anatum. Except for one S. enteritidis isolate from a grey-lag goose (Anser anser) and one S. typhimurium isolate from a coot (Fulica atra), all of the other strains were derived from black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus), of which 24.7% were found to be infected. The black-headed gull might play a role in the dispersal of pathogenic salmonellae.
Document 27
Accession No.: 98213081.
Author: Kapperud-G. Stenwig-H. Lassen-J.
Title: Epidemiology of Salmonella typhimurium O:4-12 infection
in Norway: evidence of transmission from an avian wildlife
reservoir.
Source: Am-J-Epidemiol. 1998 Apr 15. 147(8). P 774-82.
Journal Title: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY.
Abstract: In 1987, a nationwide outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium
O:4-12 infection traced to contaminated chocolate bars occurred
in Norway. In the 5 years after the outbreak, elevated numbers
of sporadic cases caused by the epidemic strain of
Salmonella were detected, followed by a decline in
subsequent years. To characterize the epidemiology of this
infection, the authors analyzed information concerning all
sporadic cases reported in Norway from 1966 to 1996. Of the 153
patients infected by the outbreak strain, 43% were less than 5
years of age, and only three persons had acquired the infection
abroad. In contrast, 46% of the cases attributable to other S.
typhimurium O:4-12 variants and 90% of the total number of
Salmonella infections were related to foreign travel. A
distinct seasonality was observed: 76% of the cases appeared
between January and April. At the same time of year, the
epidemic strain was regularly encountered as the etiologic
agent of fatal salmonellosis among wild passerine birds,
suggesting an epidemiologic link between the avian and human
cases. The strain was rarely isolated from other sources. From
1990 to 1992, the authors conducted a prospective case-control
study of sporadic indigenous infections to identify risk
factors and obtain guidance for preventive efforts.
Forty-one case-patients, each matched by age, sex, and
geographic area with two population controls, were enrolled. In
conditional logistic regression analysis, the following
environmental factors were independently related to an
increased risk of infection: drinking untreated water, having
direct contact with wild birds or their droppings, and eating
snow, sand, or soil. Cases were also more likely than controls
to report having antecedent or concurrent medical disorders.
Forty-six percent of the study patients were hospitalized for
their salmonellosis.
Holdings: Health Sciences Serials
SHELVED BY TITLE: American journal of epidemiology
CALL NUMBER: 614.05 AM
LIB HAS: v.81(1965)-v.88(1968), v.90(1969)-v.101(1975),
v.103(1976)-v.145(1997)
v.146:n.1-3,5-12(1997:Jul-Aug,Sep-Dec) v.147(1998)--
K.K. Sherwood Library - Harborview
SHELVED BY TITLE: American journal of epidemiology
CALL NUMBER: Per
LIB HAS: v.127(1988)--
DTW Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1993 Jul;100(7):264-74
[Example of the concentration of salmonellae in the environment].
[Article in German]
Kohler B
Staatliches Veterinar- und Lebensmitteluntersuchungsamt, Potsdam.
During a period of 3 years the occurrence of Salmonellas was cleared up on
depots for refuse of households around Berlin. The investigations were carried
out by susceptible fractionated enrichment in Medium of Rappaport/Vassiliadis.
15.1% of samples were positive (77 out of 511). Most Salmonellas wer detected in
soil samples contaminated with feces of birds. The isolation rate reached his
maximum during autumn and winter, when great bird herds lived on the depots.
Mainly S. typhimurium, S. saint paul and S. enteritidis were found. S.
enteritidis LT 17 (Colindale) was isolated first time in former East Germany.
Diseased children of Berlin (West) were the source for contamination of refuse
of households and wild birds (crows, gulls) with this Lysotype. During 51 months
dissemination of Salmonellas in 4 contaminated feedstuff yeast and animal meal
plants was examined. Salmonella were found in 12.02% of samples of feedstuff
yeast (2047) and 6.2% of samples of animal meal (337). Characteristically was
the seasonal distribution during winter and early spring and the persistence of
the same serotypes for years. Recontamination by the environment was the main
reason for the occurrence of Salmonella. Regular examination of filter dust
samples of all production units was a very effective way for detection of
Salmonella contamination in feed plants. S. enteritidis was demonstrated in the
environment of an animal meal factory 18 months after his shutdown.
Document 1
Accession No.: 95000152.
Author: Tobias-H. Heinemeyer-E-A.
Title: [Occurrence of Salmonella in coastal North Sea water and
their hygienic relation to indicator bacteria and sources of
contamination]
Source: Zentralbl-Hyg-Umweltmed. 1994 Jun. 195(5-6). P 495-508.
Journal Title: ZENTRALBLATT FUR HYGIENE UND UMWELTMEDIZIN.
Language: ger.
Abstract: The quantity of salmonella, fecal coliform bacteria and
fecal streptococci was measured in 2003 water samples from
North Sea coastal water, drainage canals, the lower River Ems
and sewage works. The presence of salmonella did
not correlate to an increasing presence of fecal indicator
bacteria. In several cases more than 10(3) salmonella
per litre were found in samples whose fecal coliform levels met
the strictest quality requirements (in accordance with the
levels stipulated by EEC bathing water regulations).
Additionally 226 marine sediment samples were measured for
their content of salmonella only. While
salmonella were present in 12.3% of at least 1 litre of
the North Sea water samples (bathing places excepted) and in
about 7% of sediment samples (10 g), no salmonella were
traced in 400 samples from marine water bathing places. The
general contamination with salmonella of sea water
bathing places can therefore be regarded as low. More frequent
occurrences on the beaches must be seen as the result of a
concrete case of contamination or other disturbance. The
serovarieties of the salmonella isolated from North Sea
and Ems waters indicate in comparison with isolations from
sewage works, infected humans and calves from the region
that the contamination of the local coastal water mainly stems
from sewage works and could also on a small scale be
caused by sea birds. Salmonella from agricultural
sources proved to be irrelevant in this study. Molecular
biological examinations of the plasmid profiles for example
could give more precise informations. The establishment of
serovarieties which are relatively unimportant for human
medicine (eg. S. mbandaka) in sewage works, drainage
canals and the North Sea reveal the problem involved in
evaluating such finds in bathing water samples, because in EEC
regulations no differentiation or quantification is made.
Holdings: Health Sciences Serials
SHELVED BY TITLE: Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin
CALL NUMBER: W1 ZE778NH
LIB HAS: v.188(1989)-v.197(1995)
Document 2
Accession No.: 93368477.
Author: Karaguzel-A. Koksal-I. Baki-A. Ucar-F. Gok-I. Cirav-Z.
Title: Salmonella and Shigella carriage by gulls (Larus sp.) on
the east Black Sea region of Turkey.
Source: Microbios. 1993. 74(299). P 77-80.
Journal Title: MICROBIOS.
Language: eng.
Abstract: Sea gull feces (616 samples in toto) were examined for enteric
human pathogens, and 1.3% and 0.60% were found to contain
Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp., respectively. All
positive samples were near sewage outfalls and refuse
tips. The Salmonella serotype was isolated as S. typhi
and the Shigella serotype as S. sonnei. Pathogenic bacteria
were isolated from the fecal samples collected only in the
Trabzon area.
Holdings: Health Sciences Serials
SHELVED BY TITLE: Microbios
CALL NUMBER: W1 MI295
LIB HAS: v.1(1969), v.2:n.2-7/8(1970), v.3:n.9-12(1971)
v.4(1971)-v.10(1974), v.11:n.42-46A(1974)
v.12(1975)-v.80(1994)
Document 4
Accession No.: 92145044.
Author: Murray-C-J.
Title: Salmonellae in the environment.
Source: Rev-Sci-Tech. 1991 Sep. 10(3). P 765-85.
Journal Title: REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE.
Language: eng.
Abstract: Salmonellae are part of the bacterial flora normally found in
Man and animals, although the frequency of occurrence is
variable, reflecting the general level of Salmonella in
food, water and the environment. They are widely disseminated
into environments which have been disturbed by human
activities. Wildlife may harbor the organisms but do not
appear to be a major conduit by which the organisms enter the
human and animal food chain. In areas associated with Man,
salmonellae in wild animals and birds reflect the
serovars disseminated into the environment. Seasonal changes in
infection occur, and the capacity of the organisms to survive
in nature varies. Water plays an important role in the spread
of the organisms to Man and animals. Control of salmonellae
must start with a significant decrease in the number of
organisms which are discharged into the environment.
Holdings: Local holdings could not be determined. Consult UW catalogs.
Document 8
Accession No.: 97345038.
Author: Kinde-H. Adelson-M. Ardans-A. Little-E-H. Willoughby-D.
Berchtold-D. Read-D-H. Breitmeyer-R. Kerr-D. Tarbell-R.
Hughes-E.
Title: Prevalence of Salmonella in municipal sewage
treatment plant effluents in southern California.
Source: Avian-Dis. 1997 Apr-Jun. 41(2). P 392-8.
Journal Title: AVIAN DISEASES.
Abstract: Effluents from 12 sewage treatment plants in southern
California were examined for Salmonella using a Moore
swab technique. Eight of the 12 plants were positive for
Salmonella when sampled at the
chlorination/dechlorination site (inside the plant). Effluents
from 11 of 12 sewage treatment plants were positive for
Salmonella when samples were analyzed downstream of the
chlorination/dechlorination site, before effluents merge with
the receiving stream (outside the plant). Two of the three
control sites, an urban runoff, a raw potable water reservoir,
and two other sites were also positive for Salmonella. A
total of 683 Salmonella isolations were represented by
11 serogroups and 54 serotypes from 26 of 32 sampling sites.
Effluents from three treatment plants and one control site (raw
potable water resevior) yielded Salmonella enteritidis
phage type 4, in addition to other serotypes.
Holdings: Health Sciences Serials
SHELVED BY TITLE: Avian diseases
CALL NUMBER: SF995 .A85
LIB HAS: v.15(1971)-v.41(1997)
Document 2
Accession No.: 98233226.
Author: Palmgren-H. Sellin-M. Bergstrom-S. Olsen-B.
Title: Enteropathogenic bacteria in migrating birds arriving in
Sweden.
Source: Scand-J-Infect-Dis. 1997. 29(6). P 565-8.
Journal Title: SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
Abstract: Birds have been thought to play a role in transmitting
infectious agents like influenza, Borrelia and
Salmonella. To investigate the role of migrating birds
in the dispersal of enteropathogenic bacteria, stool samples
from 151 wild birds (50 gulls and 101 passerines) just entering
Sweden from their winter grounds were analysed for
Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and EHEC 0157:H7.
The thermophilic isolated enteropathogens found were further
analysed by antibiograms. Among the 50 gulls examined, we found
2 isolates of Salmonella typhimurium with multiple
antibiotic resistance. Three isolates of C. jejuni were found
in the 101 stool samples from passerines. We did not isolate
EHEC 0157:H7 in any of the bird stools examined.
Holdings: Health Sciences Serials
SHELVED BY TITLE: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases
CALL NUMBER: W1 SC15K
LIB HAS: v.1(1969)--
K.K. Sherwood Library - Harborview
SHELVED BY TITLE: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases
CALL NUMBER: Per
LIB HAS: v.20(1988)--
Document 14
Accession No.: 97295359.
Author: Sixl-W. Karp'iskov'a-R. Hub'alek-Z. Halouzka-J.
Mikul'askov'a-M. Salava-J.
Title: Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in black-headed
gulls (Larus ridibundus).
Source: Cent-Eur-J-Public-Health. 1997 Mar. 5(1). P 24-6.
Journal Title: CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH.
Abstract: Cloacal examination of 41 juvenile black-headed gulls (Larus
ridibundus) by cultivation demonstrated Campylobacter jejuni in
26 (63%) and Salmonella typhimurium in 21 (51%) of them.
All the bird samples were collected in a breeding colony
near the town Hodonin, South Moravia, Czech Republic in 1996.
Twenty six Campylobacter isolates were tested for antibiotic
and drug sensitivity: all were resistant to at least three
agents (Penicillin, Tetracyclin and Sulfomethoxazol-
trimethoprim) while all were sensitive to Augmentan, Cefotaxim,
Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Nitrofurantoin and Cephazidine.
Four percent of isolates were resistant to Ampicillin and
Nalidixic acid. Of the 21 S. typhimurium isolates tested, 33%
were sensitive to all drugs assayed, proportions of the strains
resistant to Sulfomethoxazol-trimethoprim, Tetracyclin and
Streptomycin were 58%, 16% and 8%, respectively.
Holdings: Local holdings could not be determined. Consult UW catalogs.
Document 10
Accession No.: 98016871.
Author: Davies-R-H. Wray-C.
Title: Distribution of Salmonella contamination in ten animal
feedmills.
Source: Vet-Microbiol. 1997 Sep. 57(2-3). P 159-69.
Journal Title: VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY.
Abstract: Detailed sampling of spillage and dust from milling equipment
was carried out in nine animal feedmills, three of which were
sampled twice. The salmonella isolation rate ranged from
1.1% to 41.7% of the samples and the most contaminated mills
were those where the inside of the cooling systems for pellet
or mash had been colonised by salmonella. A wide range
of salmonella serotypes were isolated which included
Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis. Limited
sampling every two weeks for an 18-month period in another
animal feedmill showed marked variation in the contamination
rate of samples and range of salmonella serotypes found.
Contamination of ingredient intake pits and outloading gantries
for finished products by wild bird droppings containing
salmonella was also found in four mills.
Holdings: Health Sciences Serials
SHELVED BY TITLE: Veterinary microbiology
CALL NUMBER: W1 VE933F
LIB HAS: v.9(1984)--
Document 13
Accession No.: 97331476.
Author: Mikaelian-I. Daignault-D. Duval-M-C. Martineau-D.
Title: Salmonella infection in wild birds from Quebec.
Source: Can-Vet-J. 1997 Jun. 38(6). P 385.
Journal Title: CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL.
Holdings: Health Sciences Serials
SHELVED BY TITLE: Canadian veterinary journal
CALL NUMBER: SF601 .C37
LIB HAS: v.16(1975)-v.23(1982)
v.24:n.1-6,8-12(1983:Jan-Jun,Aug-Dec) v.25(1984)-v.38(1997)