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 Bird Disease Research Studies April 2002 Bird Disease Research Studies Cent Eur J Public Health 1995 Feb;3(1):21-4 Salmonellae in gulls and other free-living birds in the Czech Republic. Hubalek Z, Sixl W, Mikulaskova M, Sixl-Voigt B, Thiel W, Halouzka J, Juricova Z, Rosicky B, Matlova L, Honza M, et al Institute of Landscape Ecology, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic. Cloacal swabs, collected from 756 wild synanthropic and exoanthropic birds of 57 species in the Czech Republic, yielded 32 strains of Salmonella typhimurium [phage types (PT) 141, 104 and 41], six isolates of S. enteritidis (PT 8, 4 and 6e), and one each of S. panama and S. anatum. Except for one S. enteritidis isolate from a grey-lag goose (Anser anser) and one S. typhimurium isolate from a coot (Fulica atra), all of the other strains were derived from black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus), of which 24.7% were found to be infected. The black-headed gull might play a role in the dispersal of pathogenic salmonellae. Document 27 Accession No.: 98213081. Author: Kapperud-G. Stenwig-H. Lassen-J. Title: Epidemiology of Salmonella typhimurium O:4-12 infection in Norway: evidence of transmission from an avian wildlife reservoir. Source: Am-J-Epidemiol. 1998 Apr 15. 147(8). P 774-82. Journal Title: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. Abstract: In 1987, a nationwide outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium O:4-12 infection traced to contaminated chocolate bars occurred in Norway. In the 5 years after the outbreak, elevated numbers of sporadic cases caused by the epidemic strain of Salmonella were detected, followed by a decline in subsequent years. To characterize the epidemiology of this infection, the authors analyzed information concerning all sporadic cases reported in Norway from 1966 to 1996. Of the 153 patients infected by the outbreak strain, 43% were less than 5 years of age, and only three persons had acquired the infection abroad. In contrast, 46% of the cases attributable to other S. typhimurium O:4-12 variants and 90% of the total number of Salmonella infections were related to foreign travel. A distinct seasonality was observed: 76% of the cases appeared between January and April. At the same time of year, the epidemic strain was regularly encountered as the etiologic agent of fatal salmonellosis among wild passerine birds, suggesting an epidemiologic link between the avian and human cases. The strain was rarely isolated from other sources. From 1990 to 1992, the authors conducted a prospective case-control study of sporadic indigenous infections to identify risk factors and obtain guidance for preventive efforts. Forty-one case-patients, each matched by age, sex, and geographic area with two population controls, were enrolled. In conditional logistic regression analysis, the following environmental factors were independently related to an increased risk of infection: drinking untreated water, having direct contact with wild birds or their droppings, and eating snow, sand, or soil. Cases were also more likely than controls to report having antecedent or concurrent medical disorders. Forty-six percent of the study patients were hospitalized for their salmonellosis. Holdings: Health Sciences Serials SHELVED BY TITLE: American journal of epidemiology CALL NUMBER: 614.05 AM LIB HAS: v.81(1965)-v.88(1968), v.90(1969)-v.101(1975), v.103(1976)-v.145(1997) v.146:n.1-3,5-12(1997:Jul-Aug,Sep-Dec) v.147(1998)-- K.K. Sherwood Library - Harborview SHELVED BY TITLE: American journal of epidemiology CALL NUMBER: Per LIB HAS: v.127(1988)-- DTW Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1993 Jul;100(7):264-74 [Example of the concentration of salmonellae in the environment]. [Article in German] Kohler B Staatliches Veterinar- und Lebensmitteluntersuchungsamt, Potsdam. During a period of 3 years the occurrence of Salmonellas was cleared up on depots for refuse of households around Berlin. The investigations were carried out by susceptible fractionated enrichment in Medium of Rappaport/Vassiliadis. 15.1% of samples were positive (77 out of 511). Most Salmonellas wer detected in soil samples contaminated with feces of birds. The isolation rate reached his maximum during autumn and winter, when great bird herds lived on the depots. Mainly S. typhimurium, S. saint paul and S. enteritidis were found. S. enteritidis LT 17 (Colindale) was isolated first time in former East Germany. Diseased children of Berlin (West) were the source for contamination of refuse of households and wild birds (crows, gulls) with this Lysotype. During 51 months dissemination of Salmonellas in 4 contaminated feedstuff yeast and animal meal plants was examined. Salmonella were found in 12.02% of samples of feedstuff yeast (2047) and 6.2% of samples of animal meal (337). Characteristically was the seasonal distribution during winter and early spring and the persistence of the same serotypes for years. Recontamination by the environment was the main reason for the occurrence of Salmonella. Regular examination of filter dust samples of all production units was a very effective way for detection of Salmonella contamination in feed plants. S. enteritidis was demonstrated in the environment of an animal meal factory 18 months after his shutdown. Document 1 Accession No.: 95000152. Author: Tobias-H. Heinemeyer-E-A. Title: [Occurrence of Salmonella in coastal North Sea water and their hygienic relation to indicator bacteria and sources of contamination] Source: Zentralbl-Hyg-Umweltmed. 1994 Jun. 195(5-6). P 495-508. Journal Title: ZENTRALBLATT FUR HYGIENE UND UMWELTMEDIZIN. Language: ger. Abstract: The quantity of salmonella, fecal coliform bacteria and fecal streptococci was measured in 2003 water samples from North Sea coastal water, drainage canals, the lower River Ems and sewage works. The presence of salmonella did not correlate to an increasing presence of fecal indicator bacteria. In several cases more than 10(3) salmonella per litre were found in samples whose fecal coliform levels met the strictest quality requirements (in accordance with the levels stipulated by EEC bathing water regulations). Additionally 226 marine sediment samples were measured for their content of salmonella only. While salmonella were present in 12.3% of at least 1 litre of the North Sea water samples (bathing places excepted) and in about 7% of sediment samples (10 g), no salmonella were traced in 400 samples from marine water bathing places. The general contamination with salmonella of sea water bathing places can therefore be regarded as low. More frequent occurrences on the beaches must be seen as the result of a concrete case of contamination or other disturbance. The serovarieties of the salmonella isolated from North Sea and Ems waters indicate in comparison with isolations from sewage works, infected humans and calves from the region that the contamination of the local coastal water mainly stems from sewage works and could also on a small scale be caused by sea birds. Salmonella from agricultural sources proved to be irrelevant in this study. Molecular biological examinations of the plasmid profiles for example could give more precise informations. The establishment of serovarieties which are relatively unimportant for human medicine (eg. S. mbandaka) in sewage works, drainage canals and the North Sea reveal the problem involved in evaluating such finds in bathing water samples, because in EEC regulations no differentiation or quantification is made. Holdings: Health Sciences Serials SHELVED BY TITLE: Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin CALL NUMBER: W1 ZE778NH LIB HAS: v.188(1989)-v.197(1995) Document 2 Accession No.: 93368477. Author: Karaguzel-A. Koksal-I. Baki-A. Ucar-F. Gok-I. Cirav-Z. Title: Salmonella and Shigella carriage by gulls (Larus sp.) on the east Black Sea region of Turkey. Source: Microbios. 1993. 74(299). P 77-80. Journal Title: MICROBIOS. Language: eng. Abstract: Sea gull feces (616 samples in toto) were examined for enteric human pathogens, and 1.3% and 0.60% were found to contain Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp., respectively. All positive samples were near sewage outfalls and refuse tips. The Salmonella serotype was isolated as S. typhi and the Shigella serotype as S. sonnei. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the fecal samples collected only in the Trabzon area. Holdings: Health Sciences Serials SHELVED BY TITLE: Microbios CALL NUMBER: W1 MI295 LIB HAS: v.1(1969), v.2:n.2-7/8(1970), v.3:n.9-12(1971) v.4(1971)-v.10(1974), v.11:n.42-46A(1974) v.12(1975)-v.80(1994) Document 4 Accession No.: 92145044. Author: Murray-C-J. Title: Salmonellae in the environment. Source: Rev-Sci-Tech. 1991 Sep. 10(3). P 765-85. Journal Title: REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE. Language: eng. Abstract: Salmonellae are part of the bacterial flora normally found in Man and animals, although the frequency of occurrence is variable, reflecting the general level of Salmonella in food, water and the environment. They are widely disseminated into environments which have been disturbed by human activities. Wildlife may harbor the organisms but do not appear to be a major conduit by which the organisms enter the human and animal food chain. In areas associated with Man, salmonellae in wild animals and birds reflect the serovars disseminated into the environment. Seasonal changes in infection occur, and the capacity of the organisms to survive in nature varies. Water plays an important role in the spread of the organisms to Man and animals. Control of salmonellae must start with a significant decrease in the number of organisms which are discharged into the environment. Holdings: Local holdings could not be determined. Consult UW catalogs. Document 8 Accession No.: 97345038. Author: Kinde-H. Adelson-M. Ardans-A. Little-E-H. Willoughby-D. Berchtold-D. Read-D-H. Breitmeyer-R. Kerr-D. Tarbell-R. Hughes-E. Title: Prevalence of Salmonella in municipal sewage treatment plant effluents in southern California. Source: Avian-Dis. 1997 Apr-Jun. 41(2). P 392-8. Journal Title: AVIAN DISEASES. Abstract: Effluents from 12 sewage treatment plants in southern California were examined for Salmonella using a Moore swab technique. Eight of the 12 plants were positive for Salmonella when sampled at the chlorination/dechlorination site (inside the plant). Effluents from 11 of 12 sewage treatment plants were positive for Salmonella when samples were analyzed downstream of the chlorination/dechlorination site, before effluents merge with the receiving stream (outside the plant). Two of the three control sites, an urban runoff, a raw potable water reservoir, and two other sites were also positive for Salmonella. A total of 683 Salmonella isolations were represented by 11 serogroups and 54 serotypes from 26 of 32 sampling sites. Effluents from three treatment plants and one control site (raw potable water resevior) yielded Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4, in addition to other serotypes. Holdings: Health Sciences Serials SHELVED BY TITLE: Avian diseases CALL NUMBER: SF995 .A85 LIB HAS: v.15(1971)-v.41(1997) Document 2 Accession No.: 98233226. Author: Palmgren-H. Sellin-M. Bergstrom-S. Olsen-B. Title: Enteropathogenic bacteria in migrating birds arriving in Sweden. Source: Scand-J-Infect-Dis. 1997. 29(6). P 565-8. Journal Title: SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Abstract: Birds have been thought to play a role in transmitting infectious agents like influenza, Borrelia and Salmonella. To investigate the role of migrating birds in the dispersal of enteropathogenic bacteria, stool samples from 151 wild birds (50 gulls and 101 passerines) just entering Sweden from their winter grounds were analysed for Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and EHEC 0157:H7. The thermophilic isolated enteropathogens found were further analysed by antibiograms. Among the 50 gulls examined, we found 2 isolates of Salmonella typhimurium with multiple antibiotic resistance. Three isolates of C. jejuni were found in the 101 stool samples from passerines. We did not isolate EHEC 0157:H7 in any of the bird stools examined. Holdings: Health Sciences Serials SHELVED BY TITLE: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases CALL NUMBER: W1 SC15K LIB HAS: v.1(1969)-- K.K. Sherwood Library - Harborview SHELVED BY TITLE: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases CALL NUMBER: Per LIB HAS: v.20(1988)-- Document 14 Accession No.: 97295359. Author: Sixl-W. Karp'iskov'a-R. Hub'alek-Z. Halouzka-J. Mikul'askov'a-M. Salava-J. Title: Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus). Source: Cent-Eur-J-Public-Health. 1997 Mar. 5(1). P 24-6. Journal Title: CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. Abstract: Cloacal examination of 41 juvenile black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) by cultivation demonstrated Campylobacter jejuni in 26 (63%) and Salmonella typhimurium in 21 (51%) of them. All the bird samples were collected in a breeding colony near the town Hodonin, South Moravia, Czech Republic in 1996. Twenty six Campylobacter isolates were tested for antibiotic and drug sensitivity: all were resistant to at least three agents (Penicillin, Tetracyclin and Sulfomethoxazol- trimethoprim) while all were sensitive to Augmentan, Cefotaxim, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Nitrofurantoin and Cephazidine. Four percent of isolates were resistant to Ampicillin and Nalidixic acid. Of the 21 S. typhimurium isolates tested, 33% were sensitive to all drugs assayed, proportions of the strains resistant to Sulfomethoxazol-trimethoprim, Tetracyclin and Streptomycin were 58%, 16% and 8%, respectively. Holdings: Local holdings could not be determined. Consult UW catalogs. Document 10 Accession No.: 98016871. Author: Davies-R-H. Wray-C. Title: Distribution of Salmonella contamination in ten animal feedmills. Source: Vet-Microbiol. 1997 Sep. 57(2-3). P 159-69. Journal Title: VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY. Abstract: Detailed sampling of spillage and dust from milling equipment was carried out in nine animal feedmills, three of which were sampled twice. The salmonella isolation rate ranged from 1.1% to 41.7% of the samples and the most contaminated mills were those where the inside of the cooling systems for pellet or mash had been colonised by salmonella. A wide range of salmonella serotypes were isolated which included Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis. Limited sampling every two weeks for an 18-month period in another animal feedmill showed marked variation in the contamination rate of samples and range of salmonella serotypes found. Contamination of ingredient intake pits and outloading gantries for finished products by wild bird droppings containing salmonella was also found in four mills. Holdings: Health Sciences Serials SHELVED BY TITLE: Veterinary microbiology CALL NUMBER: W1 VE933F LIB HAS: v.9(1984)-- Document 13 Accession No.: 97331476. Author: Mikaelian-I. Daignault-D. Duval-M-C. Martineau-D. Title: Salmonella infection in wild birds from Quebec. Source: Can-Vet-J. 1997 Jun. 38(6). P 385. Journal Title: CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL. Holdings: Health Sciences Serials SHELVED BY TITLE: Canadian veterinary journal CALL NUMBER: SF601 .C37 LIB HAS: v.16(1975)-v.23(1982) v.24:n.1-6,8-12(1983:Jan-Jun,Aug-Dec) v.25(1984)-v.38(1997)  Back to Birds Stories Back to Archive Categories
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